Abstract
Rammed earth construction is gaining renewed interest as a sustainable building method, yet its durability in cold and wet climates remains inadequately characterized. This study investigates the combined effects of freeze-thaw cycles and moisture exposure on the mechanical and physical properties of stabilized rammed earth specimens. Laboratory experiments were conducted on cylindrical samples fabricated with a standardized clay-sand-gravel mixture stabilized with 8% cement. Specimens were subjected to 0, 30, 60, and 90 freeze-thaw cycles, each followed by capillary water absorption tests. Mass loss, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were measured after each cycle set. Results indicate a progressive deterioration: after 90 cycles, compressive strength decreased by 42%, mass loss reached 5.8%, and ultrasonic pulse velocity dropped by 28%. Capillary absorption increased significantly, indicating microstructural damage. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed the significant effect of cycle number on all durability indicators (p 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy revealed microcrack formation and particle detachment. These findings highlight the vulnerability of unstabilized rammed earth to freeze-thaw action and underscore the need for adequate stabilization and protective measures in cold climates. The study provides quantitative data to inform design guidelines for durable earthen construction.
Keywords
rammed earth, freeze-thaw cycles, durability, moisture exposure, cement stabilization, capillary absorption, compressive strength, sustainable construction