Abstract
The imperative for continuous, non-invasive health monitoring has spurred significant innovation in wearable sensor technologies. Traditional invasive methods are often inconvenient and carry risks, limiting their utility for long-term health management. Flexible wearable sensors offer a promising alternative, with graphene emerging as a transformative material due to its exceptional electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This article explores the recent advancements in developing graphene-enhanced flexible wearable sensors for continuous non-invasive biomarker monitoring. We synthesize current research on the integration of graphene into flexible substrates for wearable biosensing applications, detailing design principles, fabrication techniques, and sensing mechanisms. Graphene's unique attributes, such as high surface area, excellent conductivity, and biocompatibility, contribute to enhanced sensor performance, particularly for sweat, tear, and interstitial fluid analysis. Graphene-enhanced wearable sensors demonstrate superior sensitivity, selectivity, and flexibility. Their efficacy in monitoring glucose, lactate, electrolytes, and hormones from bodily fluids offers real-time data crucial for personalized healthcare. Emerging power solutions, like flexible perovskite solar cells, further extend operational longevity. Flexible graphene-enhanced wearable sensors represent a significant leap forward in non-invasive biomarker monitoring, holding substantial potential to revolutionize disease management, athletic performance tracking, and general wellness.