Abstract
Background: Achieving Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB) status requires a synergistic approach between passive design and active systems, where the building envelope serves as the primary regulator of energy flow. Methods: This study presents a parametric optimization framework utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) and multi-objective heuristic algorithms to evaluate envelope configurations across diverse climatic zones. Drawing on recent advancements in parametric behavior maps and glowworm swarm optimization, the framework balances thermal performance, visual comfort, and renewable integration. Results: Findings demonstrate that envelope sensitivity varies significantly by climate; for instance, shading devices integrated with PV panels are critical in hot-dry regions, while moisture indices must guide envelope design in humid climates to prevent structural degradation. Multi-objective optimization reveals that window-to-wall ratios (WWR) and insulation thickness are the most sensitive parameters for reducing cooling loads in tropical zones. Conclusion: The integration of parametric tools at the design phase allows for a 15-25% improvement in energy efficiency compared to traditional iterative methods. This research facilitates a transition toward a circular digital built environment by providing a scalable methodology for climate-adaptive NZEB design.