Abstract
Urban energy systems are undergoing profound transformations driven by the need for decarbonization and decentralization. This study examines the role of community energy cooperatives (CECs) in facilitating socio-technical transitions within urban energy systems, drawing on a mixed-methods approach that combines a systematic literature review, quantitative analysis of 120 CECs across Europe, and in-depth case studies of four urban cooperatives. The multi-level perspective (MLP) framework guides the analysis, focusing on niche innovations, regime dynamics, and landscape pressures. Results indicate that CECs contribute to socio-technical transitions by fostering technological innovation (e.g., smart grid integration), social learning, and institutional change. Quantitative findings reveal that CECs with higher member diversity and digitalization levels achieve greater energy savings and renewable energy penetration. However, barriers such as regulatory lock-in and limited access to capital persist. The study underscores the importance of supportive policy frameworks and multi-actor collaborations. These insights offer actionable pathways for urban planners and policymakers to leverage CECs as catalysts for sustainable energy transitions.
Keywords
community energy cooperatives, socio-technical transitions, urban energy systems, multi-level perspective, decentralized energy, smart grids, energy justice, sustainability transitions